On June 16, 2011, the United States Supreme Court issued a unanimous (9-0) decision in the case ofBond v. United States. On the surface, the decision looks like a major victory for federalism and for individual citizens who want to challenge a federal law in court. However, only time and future decisions will tell whether this decision is a major victory for individual citizens’ and states’ rights, or if in the end it really won’t make much difference.
Background of the Bond Case
The story behind Bond has all of the elements of a made-for-TV drama. Mrs. Carol Anne Bond (the petitioner) discovered that her best friend, Myrlinda Haynes had been involved in an affair with her husband, and was pregnant with his child. She started to harass the “other woman” in an effort to exact some revenge. Mrs. Bond put some sort of caustic substance on surfaces that Haynes was likely to touch, and the woman suffered minor burns as a result.
One of the objects on which Mrs. Bond placed the caustic substance was Hayne’s mailbox. This got the U.S. Postal Inspection Service involved, and Mrs. Bonds was charged with violating federal law, specifically § 229 of the United States Code. This statute then prompted the federal prosecutors to invoke the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention against Mrs. Bond. Mrs. Bond felt that the usage of the Weapons Convention against her was unconstitutional under the Tenth Amendment.
Mrs. Bond filed a motion to dismiss the §229 indictment on the grounds that the United States Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority under the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reads:
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
The District Court denied her motion to dismiss the §229, ruling that she did not have “standing” (the legal right to sue) because existing Supreme Court precedent held that the legal rules relating to “standing” (i.e., eligibility to bring a lawsuit) required that the State had to be a party to the case. Mrs. Bond was acting as an individual citizen and the State was not a party. Mrs. Bond appealed the District Court decision to the Third Circuit, who agreed with the District Court. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari (i.e., agreed to hear the case).
Why the District and Federal Courts Said Mrs. Bond Could Not Challenge the Federal Law
The lower courts based their reasoning on a 79-year-old Supreme Court case, Tennessee Electric Power Co. v. Tennessee Valley Authority (“TVA”). For 79 years, lower courts have been assuming thatTVA stood for the proposition that state involvement was an absolute requirement in a case involving a Tenth Amendment challenge to a federal law. In other words, the courts felt that based on TVAprecendent, individual citizens could not bring a Tenth Amendment challenge to a federal law acting only as citizen litigants.
What the Bond Ruling Changed
However, in the Court’s June 16th decision, the Supreme Court held unanimously that the lower courts’ reliance on TVA was incorrect, and that indeed citizens can assert Tenth Amendment claims to challenge federal laws. The Court reversed the decision of the Third Circuit and remanded the case back to the lower court for a decision on the merits of the case.
The case will now go back to the Third Circuit on remand. The Third Circuit will now need to decide whether federal prosecutors, acting under the laws passed by Congress and under the authority of a treaty, did actually go too far in pressing criminal charges against Mrs. Bond.
The Supreme Court’s Reasoning
The Bond opinion was written by Justice Anthony Kennedy. In his opinion, he praised the shield for individual rights that exists in the divided government premise of federalism, stating “Federalism secures to citizens the liberties that derive from the diffusion of sovereign power.”
Kennedy further stated that federalism “protects the liberty of all persons within a state by ensuring that laws enacted in excess of delegated governmental power cannot direct or control their actions….By denying any one government complete jurisdiction over all the concerns of public life, federalism protects the liberty of the individual from arbitrary power. When government acts in excess of its lawful powers, that liberty is at stake. The limitations that federalism entails are not therefore a matter of rights belonging only to the states.” (Right on!)
But What Does It All Mean?
On the surface this sounds like a major victory for the conservative principles of states’ rights and federalism, and a serious blow against the federal government juggernaut. However, whether or not that is actually true remains to be seen. Here’s why I’m skeptical.
First. This was a unanimous decision. Even the notoriously liberal justices agreed with the holding. This fact in itself makes me believe that this was more of a technical decision than an earth-shaking game-changer. Why would the historically activist liberal justices agree to a decision that possibly limits the powers of federal government? It makes no sense to me. (Now, if it had been the usual 5-4 ruling, then I would have felt that it was a solid conservative victory.)
Second. The Supreme Court did not rule that the federal government had overstepped its bounds with § 229. Instead, the holding was simply that Mrs. Bond could bring that challenge as an individual citizen without involving the state as a party in the suit. This ruling was about procedure, not the substance of the case.
Third. This opinion reveals a somewhat schizophrenic Supreme Court. It was only a couple of months ago when the same Court ruled (also in an opinion authored by Kennedy) that individual taxpayers do not have a right to file lawsuits (i.e., they don’t have “standing”) when government funds allegedly were being used to support religious organizations (Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 09-987). Moreover, the history of this Court is one of restricting the concept of “standing to sue” under the Constitution’s Article III.
Fourth. Justice Kennedy hinted in his opinion that this might not help citizens get their cases heard on Tenth Amendment grounds. Kennedy reminded us that the legacy Article III barriers to “standing to sue” remain intact by stating that, “If, in connection with the claim being asserted, a litigant who commences suit fails to show actual or imminent harm that is concrete and particular, fairly traceable to the conduct complained of, and likely to be redressed by a favorable decision, the Federal Judiciary cannot hear the claim. These requirements must be satisfied before an individual may assert a constitutional claim; and, in some instances, the result may be that a state is the only entity capable of demonstrating the requisite injury.”
Conclusion
Although this is certainly a positive ruling for states’ rights advocates, it’s too early to celebrate this ruling as a major victory. Only time will tell if individual citizens can overcome all of the barriers in place relating to the concept of “standing” to successfully bring suits against the overreach of the federal government. It might be a big deal, but it might have minimal impact because all of the other existing obstacles to citizen lawsuits against the federal government.
Footnote: There is possibly a silver lining in this decision. This ruling might mean that the Court is solidifying its position on federalism, which could be a positive sign that the Court will rule in favor of the states in the upcoming Supreme Court review of Obamacare. An excellent article from
American Thinker, hints that this might be a big deal afterall. The article can be found here:
http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/06/did_the_supreme_court_tip_its_hand_on_obamacare.html